Department of Internal Medicine

Infectious Diseases Faculty

Daniel Diekema photo

Medical School:
Vanderbilt University

Graduate School:
Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health,
The University of Iowa

Residency:
University of Virginia

Fellowship:
The University of Iowa
Infectious Diseases, 1992-95
Medical Microbiology, 1998-00

Daniel J. Diekema, M.D., D(ABMM)
Professor of Medicine and Pathology
Director, Division of Infectious Diseases

Dr. Diekema's research focuses on hospital-acquired fungal infections, antimicrobial resistance, molecular epidemiology, and hospital epidemiology.

His current projects include:

  1. Retrospective study of the epidemiology of nosocomial Candida spp. bloodstream infection at the University of Iowa, including trends in species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, crude and attributable mortality, and patterns of antifungal use.
  2. Local principle investigator for a prospective study of the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in hospitalized patients (the PATH Alliance study).
  3. Principle investigator for two international antifungal resistance surveillance studies.
  4. Coinvestigator for ongoing studies of the epidemiology of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the State of Iowa.
  5. Coinvestigator for a study of the efficacy of rapid (real-time PCR) detection of MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the prevention of resistant organism transmission in the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VA grant, PI: Patricia Winokur, MD).

Honors, Awards, and Organizations

Links of Interest

Publications

  1. Andrews JI, Fleener DK, Messer SA, Kroeger JS, Diekema DJ. Screening for Staphylococcus aureus carriage in pregnancy: Usefulness of novel sampling and culture strategies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;Epub ahead of print.
  2. Van De Griend P, Herwaldt LA, Alvis B, DeMartino M, Heilmann K, Doern GV, Winokur P, Vonstein D, Diekema DJ. Community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An emerging cause of invasive infections in Iowa. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 (in press).
  3. Etienne KA, Gade L, Lockhart SR, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Pfaller MA, Balajee SA. Screening of a large, global Aspergillus fumigatus species complex collection using a novel species specific microsphere based Luminex assay. J Clin Microbiol 2009 (in press).
  4. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Kroeger J, Diekema DJ. Variation in susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata to fluconazole according to patient age and geographic location in the U.S., 2001-2007. J Clin Microbiol 2009;Epub ahead of print.
  5. Siikala E, Richardson M, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Perheentupa J, Saxén H, Rautemaa R. Candida albicans isolates from APECED patients show decreased susceptibility to miconazole. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;Epub ahead of print.
  6. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Kroeger J, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. In vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. to anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin: A head-to-head comparison using the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method.  J Clin Microbiol 2009;Epub ahead of print.
  7. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken LD, Hollis RJ, Kroeger J, Tendolkar S, Pfaller MA. In vitro activity of seven systemically active antifungal agents against a large global collection of rare Candida species as determined by CLSI broth microdilution methods. J Clin Microbiol 2009;Epub ahead of print.
  8. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Ghannoum A, Rex JH, Alexander BD, Andes D, Brown SD, Chaturvedi V, Espinel-Ingroff A, Fowler CL, Johnson EM, Knapp CC, Motyl MR, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sheehan D, Walsh TJ. Wild type MIC distribution and epidemiologic cutoff values for Aspergillus fumigatus and three triazoles as determined by the CLSI broth microdilution methods. J Clin Microbiol 2009;Epub ahead of print.
  9. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Kroeger J, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. Comparison of results of fluconazole and voriconazole disk diffusion testing for Candida spp. with results from a central reference laboratory in the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;65:27-34.
  10. Morgan DJ, Diekema DJ, Sepkowitz K, Perencevich EN. Adverse outcomes associated with contact precautions: A review of the literature. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:85-93.
  11. Klevay M, Horn DL, Neofytos D, Pfaller MA and Diekema DJ. Initial Treatment and Outcome of Candida glabrata versus C. albicans Bloodstream Infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 (in press).
  12. Reighard A, Diekema DJ, Wibbenmeyer L, Ward M, Herwaldt LA. Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection on a burn/trauma unit. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol 2009 (in press).
  13. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Kroeger J, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. A global evaluation of voriconazole activity tested against recent clinical isolates of Candida spp. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;63:233-6.
  14. Lockhart SR, Messer SA, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Identification and susceptibility profile of Candida fermentati from a worldwide collection of Candida guilliermondii clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:242-4.
  15. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Alexander BD, Andes D, Brown SD, Chaturvedi V, Ghannoum MA, Knapp CC, Sheehan DJ, Walsh TJ. Rationale for reading fluconazole MICs at 24 hours rather than 48 hours when testing Candida spp. by the CLSI M27-A2 standard method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:4175-7.
  16. Lockhart SR, Messer SA, Gherna M, Bishop JA, Merz WG, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Identification of Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis in a large global collection of Candida glabrata isolates: Comparison to the literature. J Clin Microbiol 2009;[ePub ahead of print].
  17. Smith T, Smith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger JS, Tinkler GP, Moritz ED, Capuano AW, Herwaldt LA, Diekema DJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain ST398 is present in Midwestern U.S. swine and swine workers. PLoS One 2009;4:e4258.
  18. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, et al. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK global antifungal surveillance study, 1997-2007: A 10.5 year analysis of susceptibilities of noncandidal yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:117-23.
  19. Endimiani A, Hujer A, Perez F,Bethel C, Hujer K, Kroeger J, Oethinger M, Paterson D, Adams M, Jacobs M, Diekema DJ, Hall GS, Jenkins S, Rice L, Tenover F, Bonomo RA. Characterization of blaKPC-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates detected in different institutions in the Eastern United States. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:427-37.
  20. Andrews JI, Shamshirsaz AA, Diekema DJ. Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:933-38.
  21. Riedel S, Von Stein D, Richardson K, Page J, Miller S, Winokur P, Diekema DJ. Development of a prediction rule for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus carriage in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center population. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:969-71.
  22. Andes D, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Marchillo K, Bohrmueller J. In vivo pharmacodynamic target investigation for micafungin against C. albicans and C. glabrata in a neutropenic murine candidiasis model. Antmicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3497-503.
  23. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH, Alexander BD, Andes D, Brown SD, Charurvedi V, Ghannoum MA, Knapp CC, Sheehan DJ, Walsh TJ. Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin: Analysis and proposal for interpretive MIC breakpoints. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2620-29.
  24. Wrobel L, Whittington J, Pujol C, Oh SH, Ruiz MO, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Soll DR, Hoyer L. Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of a Geographically and Temporally Matched Collection of Candida albicans Isolates from Humans and Non-Migratory Wildlife in Central Illinois. Eukaryotic Cell 2008;7:1475-86.
  25. Wibbenmeyer L, Latenser B, Newell I, Coffman S, Winokur P, Diekema DJ, Lewis R, Kealey G, Herwaldt LA. Emergence of the USA300 Strain of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Burn-Trauma Unit. Journal of Burn Care and Research 2008;29:790-7.
  26. Lockhart SR, Messer SA, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Geographic distribution and antifungal susceptibility of the newly described species Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis, in comparison to the closely-related species Candida parapsilosis. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2659-64.
  27. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. In vitro survey of triazole cross resistance among more than 700 clinical isolates of Aspergillus species. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2568-72.
  28. Pfaller MA, Chaturvedi V, Diekema DJ, Ghammoum MA, Holliday NM, Killian SB, Knapp CC, Messer SA, Miskov A, Ramani R. Clinical evaluation of the Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric antifungal panel for antifungal susceptibility testing of the echinocandins anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2155-9.
  29. Lockhart SR, Abramson MA, Beekmann SE, Gallagher G, Riedel S, Diekema DJ, Quinn JP, Doern GV. Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacilli causing infections in intensive care unit patients in the United States between 1993-2004. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:3352-9.
  30. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Nagy E, Dobiasova S, Rinaldi M, Barton R, Veselov A, the Global Antifungal Surveillance Group. Candida krusei, a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen: Geographical and temporal trends form the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:515-21.
  31. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Ng KP, Colombo AL, Finquelievich J, Barnes R, Wadula J. Geographic and temporal trends in the isolation and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis: A global assessment from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:842-9.
  32. Pfaller MA, Messer S, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Kroeger J, Diekema DJ. Selection of a surrogate agent (fluconazole or voriconazole) for initial susceptibility testing of posaconazole against Candida: Results from a global antifungal surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:551-9.
  33. Andes D, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Prince RA, Marchillo K, Ashbeck J, and Hou J. In vivo pharmacodynamic characterization of anidulafungin in a neutropenic murine candidiasis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:539-50.
  34. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Kroeger J, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. In vitro susceptibility of Candida spp. to anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin: Six years of global surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:150-56.
  35. Huang SS, Diekema DJ, Warren DK, Zuccotti G, Winokur PL, Tendolkar S, Boyken L, Datta R, Jones RM, Ward M, Aubrey T, Onderdonk A, Platt R. Strain relatedness of isolates from patients with serial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1241-47.
  36. Lockhart SR, Messer SA, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Lodderomyces elongisporus masquerading as Candida parapsilosis as a cause of bloodstream infections. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:374-76.
  37. Klevay M, Ernst E, Miller J, Hollanbaugh J, Pfaller M, Diekema DJ. Therapy and Outcome of Candida glabrata versus Candida albicans bloodstream infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;60:273-77.
  38. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Procop G, Rinaldi M. Multicenter comparison of the VITEK 2 Yeast Susceptibility Test with the CLSI broth microdilution reference method for testing amphotericin B, flucytosine and voriconazole against Candida spp. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:3522-28.
  39. Andrews JI, Fleener DK, Messer SA, Hansen WF, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. The Yeast Connection – is Candida linked to breastfeeding associated pain? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;197:427-429.
  40. Zhao X, Oh S, Jajko R, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Pujol C, Soll DR, Hoyer LL. Analysis of ALS5 and ALS6 allelic variability in a geographically diverse collection of Candida albicans isolates. Fungal Genetics and Biology 2007;44:1298-1309.
  41. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study, 1997-2005: An 8.5-Year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida and other yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:1735-45.
  42. Polgreen PM, Chen YY, Cavanaugh JE, Ward M, Coffman S, Hornick DB, Diekema DJ, Herwaldt LA. An outbreak of severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease possibly related to inappropriate antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:212-214.
  43. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: A persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:133-163.
  44. Diekema DJ, Edmond MB. Look before you leap: Active surveillance for multidrug resistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1101-1107.
  45. Flanagan M, Ramanujam R, Sutherland J, Vaughn T, Diekema DJ, Doebbeling BN. Development and validation of measures to assess prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Medical Care 2007;45:537-44.
  46. Messer SA, Diekema DJ, Hollis RJ, Boyken LB, Tendolkar S, Kroeger J, Pfaller MA. Evaluation of disk diffusion and Etest compared to broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing of posaconazole against clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:1322-24.
  47. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Boyken LB, Tendolkar S, Kroeger J, Pfaller MA. Evaluation of Etest and disk diffusion methods compared to broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing of posaconazole against clinical isolates of Candida. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:1974-7.
  48. Diekema DJ. Healthcare associated fungal infections: Beyond Candida and Aspergillus. South Med J 2006;100:130-131.
  49. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Procop GW, Rindaldi MG. Multicenter comparison of the VITEK 2 Yeast Susceptibility Test with the CLSI broth microdilution reference method for testing fluconazole against Candida spp. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:796-82.
  50. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. The use of fluconazole as a “surrogate marker” to predict susceptibility and resistance to voriconazole among 13,338 clinical isolates of Candida spp. tested by CLSI recommended broth microdilution methods. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:70-75.
  51. Huang SS, Rifas-Shiman SL, Warrant DK……Diekema DJ, Rego VR, Yokoe DS, Platt R. Improving assessment of VRE by routine screening. J Infect Dis 2006;195:339-346.
  52. Huang SS, Rifas-Shiman SL, Warren DK ……Diekema DJ, Rego VR, Yokoe DS, Platt R. Improving MRSA Surveillance and Reporting in Intensive Care Units. J Infect Dis 2007;195:330-338.
  53. Sigurdardottir B, Berg JV, Hu J, Alamu J, McNutt LA, Diekema DJ, Herwaldt LA. Descriptive epidemiology and case-control study of patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:913-919.
  54. Neofytos D, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Horn D. A case of recurrent episodes of Candida parapsilosis fungemia. Mycopathologia 2006;162:295-98.
  55. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Colombo AL, Kibbler C, Ng KP, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, and the Global Antifungal Surveillance Group. Candida rugosa, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen with Resistance to Azoles: Geographic and Temporal Trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3578-82.
  56. Pfaller MA, L. Boyken, R.J. Hollis, S.A. Messer, S. Tendolkar, Diekema DJ. Global Surveillance of the In Vitro Activity of Micafungin against Candida: A Comparison with Caspofungin Using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Recommended Methods. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3533-38.
  57. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, M. Mendez, C. Kibbler, P. Erzsebet, S.-C. Chang, D.L. Gibbs, V.A. Newell, and the Global Antifungal Surveillance Group. Candida guilliermondii, an Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen with Decreased Susceptibility to Fluconazole: Geographic and Temporal Trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3551-6.
  58. Warren DK, ….Diekema DJ, Herwaldt LA, Fraser VJ for the Prevention Epicenter Program. A multicenter intervention to prevent catheter-associated bloodstream infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:662-9.
  59. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Rex JH, et al. Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against voriconazole: Analysis and proposal for interpretive breakpoints. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:819-826.
  60. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis R, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. In vitro susceptibility of Candida spp. to caspofungin: Four years of global surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:760-763.
  61. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Sheehan DJ. Interpretive breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida revisited: A blueprint for the future of antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:435-447.
  62. Zillich A, Sutherland JM, Wilson SJ, Diekema DJ, Ernst EJ, Vaughn TE, Doebbeling BN. Antimicrobial Use Control Measures to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance in US hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:1088-95.
  63. Messer SA, Diekema DJ, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis R, Pfaller MA. Micafungin Activity against 315 Invasive Clinical Isolates of Fluconazole Resistant Candida. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:324-326.
  64. Beekman SE, Diekema DJ, Heilmann KP, Richter SS, Doern GV. Macrolide use as a risk factor for macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Results of a 17-center case-control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25:335-9.
  65. Siwek GT, Pfaller MA, Polgreen PM, Cobb S, Hoth P, Magalheas-Silverman M, Diekema DJ. Incidence of invasive aspergillosis among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;55:209-212.
  66. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Comparison of results of voriconazole disk diffusion testing for Candida species with results from a central reference laboratory in the ARTEMIS global antifungal surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5208-13.
  67. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Boyken L, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Goldstein RP. Effectiveness of anidulafungin in eradicating Candida species in invasive candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:4795-97.
  68. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Rinaldi MG, Barnes R, Hu B, Veselov AV, Tiraboschi N, Nagy E, Gibbs DL. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study: a 6.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida and other yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole by standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5848-59.
  69. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Messer S, Hollis R, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. In vitro activities of anidulafungin against more than 2,500 clinical isolates of Candida spp., including 315 isolates resistant to fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5425-27.
  70. Polgreen PM, Pottinger J, Diekema DJ, Herwaldt LA. Influenza vaccination rates and the Hawthorne effect. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:98-99.
  71. Polgreen PM, Beekmann SE, Chen YY, Doern GV, Pfaller MA, Brueggemann AB, Herwaldt LA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in a rural state. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:252-256.
  72. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. In vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus species to itraconazole: A global survey of 9,359 isolates using National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution methods. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3807-10.
  73. Klevay MJ, Ebinger A, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis R, Pfaller MA. Disk diffusion testing of Candida inoculated directly from CHROMagar Candida medium may decrease time to results reporting. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3497-99.
  74. Richter SS, Galask RP, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:2155-2162.
  75. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Doern GV, Diekema DJ. Global trends in antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans (1990-2004). J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:2163-2167.
  76. Sohn S, Climo M, Diekema DJ, Fraser V, Herwaldt L, et al. Varying rates of Clostridium difficile diarrhea at Prevention Epicenter hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:676-79.
  77. Ernst EJ, Raley G, Herwaldt LA, Diekema DJ. The importance of control group selection for evaluating antimicrobial usage as a risk factor for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:634-37.
  78. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Unusual fungal and pseudofungal infections of humans. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1495-1504.
  79. Diekema DJ, Petroelje B, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA. Activity of available and investigational antifungal agents against Rhodotorula species. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:476-478.
  80. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Rare and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens: Concern for resistance beyond Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4419-31.
  81. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Nosocomial candidemia: an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:624-26.
  82. Beekmann SE, Diekema DJ, Doern GV. Determining the clinical significance of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:559-556.
  83. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. Clinical evaluation of a dried commercially prepared microdilution panel for antifungal susceptibility testing of five antifungal agents against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;50:113-117.
  84. Flach SD, Diekema DJ, Yankey JW, BootsMiller BJ, Vaughn TE, Ernst EJ, Ward MM, Doebbeling BN. Variation in the use of procedures to monitor antimicrobial resistance in U.S. hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:31-38.
  85. Yokoe DS, Noskin GA, Cunningham SM, Zuccotti G…….Herwaldt LA, Diekema DJ, Wong ES, Climo M, Platt R. Enhanced identification of postoperative infections among inpatients. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:1924-1930.
  86. Siwek G, Dodgson KJ, Magalhaes-Silverman M, Bartelt L, Kilborn SB, Hoth PL, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Invasive zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem-cell transplant patients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:584-7.
  87. Polgreen P, Diekema DJ, VandeBerg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S, Rasmus D, Gerdts N, Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. Risk factors for groin wound infection following femoral artery catheterization: A case control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:34-37.
  88. Diekema DJ, Dodgson KJ, Sigurdardottir B, Pfaller MA. Rapid detection of antimicrobial-resistant organism carriage: an unmet clinical need. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:2879-83.
  89. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Further standardization of broth microdilution methodology for in vitro susceptibility testing of caspofungin against Candida species by use of an international collection of more than 3000 clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3117-9
  90. Pfaller MA, Hazen KC, Messer SA, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Accuracy of fluconazole disk testing for Candida species: Comparison of participant results with results from a central reference laboratory in the ARTEMIS Global Antifungal Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3607-12.
  91. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Evaluation of the Etest method using Mueller-Hinton agar with glucose and methylene blue for determining amphotericin B MICs for 4,936 clinical isolates of Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4977-79.
  92. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Cross resistance between fluconazole and ravuconazole and the use of fluconazole as a “surrogate marker” to predict susceptibility and resistance to ravuconazole among 12,796 clinical isolates of Candida spp. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3137-41.
  93. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Geographic variation in the susceptibility of invasive isolates of Candida glabrata to seven systemically active antifungal agents: A global assessment from the ARTEMIS Antifungal Surveillance Program, 2001-2002. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3142-6.
  94. Ernst E, Diekema DJ, BootsMiller B, Vaughn T, Yankey JW, Flach SD, Ward MM, Franciscus CLJ, Acosta E, Pfaller MA, Doebbeling BN. Are US hospitals following national guidelines for the analysis and presentation of cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility data? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;49:141-145.
  95. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. In vitro susceptibilities of rare Candida bloodstream isolates to ravuconazole and three comparative antifungal agents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;48:101-5.
  96. Diekema DJ, Lee K, Raney P, Herwaldt LA, Doern GV, Tenover FC. Accuracy and appropriateness of antimicrobial susceptibility test reporting for bacteria isolated from blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:2258-2260.
  97. Polgreen PM, Fultz SL, Justice AC, Wagner JH, Diekema DJ, Rabeneck L, Weissman S, Stapleton JT. Association of hypocholesterolemia with hepatitis C virus infection in HIV infected people. HIV Medicine 2004;5:144-50.
  98. Ward MM, Diekema DJ, Yankey JW, Vaughn TE, BootsMiller BJ, Pendergrast JF, Doebbeling BN. Implementation of strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in U.S. hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:21-30.
  99. Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Stability of Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with glucose and methylene blue for disk diffusion testing of fluconazole and voriconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:1288-9.
  100. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and fluconazole against 4,169 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans collected during 2001 and 2002 in the ARTEMIS Global Antifungal Surveillance Program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;48:201-205.
  101. Diekema DJ, BootsMiller T, Vaughn T, Woolson R, Yankey J, Ernst E, Flach S, Ward M, Franciscus C, Pfaller MA, Doebbeling BN. Antimicrobial resistance trends and outbreak frequency in United States hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:78-85.
  102. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Evaluation of the NCCLS M44-P disk diffusion method for determining susceptibilities of 276 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans to fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:380-83.
  103. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Caspofungin activity against clinical isolates of fluconazole resistant Candida. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:5729-31.
  104. Climo M, Diekema DJ, Fraser VJ, Herwaldt LA, Perl T, Peterson L, Plaskett T, Price C, Sepkowitz K, Solomon S, Tokars J, Warren DK, Wong E and the CDC Prevention Epicenter Investigators. Prevalence of central venous access device use in and outside the intensive care unit: Results of a survey among hospitals in CDC Prevention Epicenter Program. Infect Cont Hosp Epidem 2003;24:942-946.
  105. Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K, Vande Berg J, Messer SA, Herwaldt LA, Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1172-77.
  106. Diekema DJ, Beekmann SE, Chapin K, Morel K, Munson E, Doern GV. Epidemiology and outcome of nosocomial and community onset bloodstream infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:3655-60.
  107. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Activities of caspofungin, itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:3623-6.
  108. Andrews JI, Diekema DJ, Yankowitz J. Prenatal testing for infectious diseases. Clin Lab Med 2003;23:1-21.
  109. Beekmann SE, Diekema DJ, Chapin K, Doern GV. Effects of rapid detection of bloodstream infections on length of hospitalization and hospital charges. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:3119-25.
  110. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Boyken L, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ. Evaluation of the Etest and disk diffusion methods for determining susceptibilities of 235 bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata to fluconazole and voriconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1875-80.
  111. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Variation in susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata to fluconazole according to patient age and geographic location. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:2176-79.
  112. Diekema DJ, Andrews JI, Huynh H, Rhomberg PR, Doktor SR, Beyer J, Shortridge VD, Flamm RK, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Molecular epidemiology of macrolide resistance among neonatal bloodstream isolates of Group B streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:2659-61.
  113. Klepser ME, Klepser DG, Ernst EJ, Brooks J, Diekema DJ, Mozaffari E, Hendrickson J, Doern GV. Health care resource utilization associated with treatment of penicillin-susceptible and –nonsusceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:349-59.
  114. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ. Activity of fluconazole and voriconazole determined by broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and Etest methods against 1586 recent clinical isolates of Candida species: Report from the ARTEMIS global antifungal susceptibility program, 2001. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1440-46.
  115. Pfaller JB, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. In vitro susceptibility testing of Aspergillus spp.: Comparison of Etest and reference microdilution methods for determining voriconazole and itraconazole MICs. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1126-29.
  116. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. In vitro activities of caspofungin compared with those of fluconazole and itraconazole against 3,959 clinical isolates of Candida spp., including 157 fluconazole-resistant isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1068-71.
  117. Maxwell MJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Evaluation of Etest method for determining fluconazole and voriconazole MICs for 279 clinical isolates of Candida species infrequently isolated from blood. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:1087-90.
  118. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken LA, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. In vitro susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi: comparison of Etest and reference M-38A microdilution methods for determining posaconazole MICs. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;45:241-44.
  119. Richter SS, Diekema DJ, Heilmann KP, Almer LS, Shortridge VD, Zeitler R, Flamm RK, Doern GV. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes. Clin Infect Dis 2002;36:380-383.
  120. Maxwell MJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Evaluation of Etest method for determining voriconazole and amphotericin B MICs for 162 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:97-99.
  121. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ. In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole and four licensed systemic antifungal agents against Candida species infrequently isolated from blood. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:78-83.
  122. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Huynh H, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. In vitro activities of 5-fluorocytosine against 8,803 clinical isolates of Candida spp.: A global assessment of primary resistance using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards susceptibility testing methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:3518-21.
  123. Munson E, Diekema DJ, Beekmann SE, Chapin K, Doern GV. Detection and treatment of bloodstream infection: Laboratory reporting and antimicrobial management. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:495-497.
  124. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. The role of sentinel surveillance of candidemia: Trends in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:3551-3557.
  125. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Biedenbach DJ, Stillwell M, Jones RN. Age-related trends in pathogen frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of bloodstream isolates in North America: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program 1997-2000. International J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20:412-418.
  126. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Jones RN, Diekema DJ. In vitro activities of ravuconazole and voriconazole compared with those of four licensed systemic antifungal agents against 6,970 clinical isolates of Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1723-1727.
  127. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken L, Huynh, Hollis RJ. Clinical evaluation of a frozen commercially prepared microdilution panel for antifungal susceptibility testing of seven antifungal agents including the new triazoles posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1694-7.
  128. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Coffman SA, Brueggemann AB, Doern GV, Herwaldt LA, Pfaller MA. The epidemiology of candidemia: Three year results from the Emerging Infections and the Epidemiology of Iowa Organisms study. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1298-1302.
  129. Richter SS, Beekmann SE, Croco JL, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Doern GV. Minimizing the workup of blood culture contaminants: Implementation and evaluation of a laboratory-based algorithm. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2437-44.
  130. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Jones RN, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, and the SENTRY Participants Group. Trends in antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from pediatric and adult patients with blood stream infections: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-2000. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:852-856.
  131. Lewis RE, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Pfaller MA, Klepser ME. Comparison of Etest, checkerboard dilution, and time-kill studies for the detection of synergy or antagonism against Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:345-351.
  132. Yamazumi T, Furuta I, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Jones RN. Comparison of the Vitek GPS 106 Card, the MRSA-screen latex agglutination test, and mecA analysis for detecting oxacillin resistance in a geographically diverse collection of clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3633-3636.
  133. Xiang J, Wunschmann S, Diekema DJ, Klinzman D, Patrick K, George SL, Stapleton JT. Infection with GB virus C prolongs survival in human immunodeficiency virus infected people, and inhibits HIV replication in vitro. N Engl J Med 2001;345:707-714.
  134. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Jones RN, Sader HS, Fluit AC, Hollis RJ, Messer SA. International surveillance of blood stream infections due to Candida species: Frequency of occurrence and in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole among isolates collected from 1997-1999 in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3254-59.
  135. Diekema DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Lancet 2001;358:1975-1982.
  136. Hanberger H, Diekema DJ, Fluit A, Jones RN, Struelens M, Spencer R, Woolf M. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in European intensive care units. J Hosp Infect 2001;48:161-176.
  137. Walsh TR, Bolmstrom A, Qwarnstrom A, Ho P, Wootton M, Howe RA, MacGowan AP, Diekema DJ. Evaluation of current methods for detection of staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:2439-44.
  138. Diekema DJ, Beach ML, Pfaller MA, Jones RN and the SENTRY Participants Group. Antimicrobial resistance in viridans group streptococci among patients with and without the diagnosis of cancer in the United States, Canada and Latin America. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7:152-157.
  139. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, Smayevsky J, Bell J, Jones RN, Beach M, and the SENTRY Participants Group. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: Frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe and the Western Pacific for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32 (S2):S114-32.
  140. Yamazumi T, Marshall SA, Wilke WW, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Jones RN. Comparison of the Vitek GPS 106 card and the MRSA-Screen latex agglutination test for determining oxacillin-resistance in clinical bloodstream isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39: 53-56.
  141. Diekema DJ, Brueggemann AB, Doern GV. Relationship between antimicrobial usage in metropolitan service areas and changes in resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae at 23 hospitals nationwide. Emerg Infect Dis 2000;6:552-556.
  142. Andrews JI, Diekema DJ, Coffman S, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV. Group B Streptococci causing neonatal bloodstream infection: Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotyping results from SENTRY centers in the Western Hemisphere. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:859-62.
  143. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Turnidge J, Verhoef J, Fluit A, Doern GV, Jones RN. Genetic relatedness of multidrug-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates from SENTRY Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance centers worldwide, 1998. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:213-221.
  144. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, Kugler KC, Beach ML, Sader HS, and the SENTRY participants group. Frequency of occurrence and trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infections in the United States, Canada, and Latin America: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1998. International J Antimicrob Agents 2000;13:257-271.
  145. Diekema DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinones: A review. Drugs 2000; 59:7-16.
  146. Deshpande LM, Diekema DJ, Marshall SA, and Jones RN. Comparative activity of clinafloxacin and nine other agents tested against 2,000 contemporary clinical isolates from patients in United States hospitals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;35:81-88.
  147. Diekema DJ, Marchesseault A. Clinical impact of changing to an automated blood culture system at a small community hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999;5:590-593.
  148. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV and the SENTRY participants group. Survey of bloodstream infections due to gram-negative bacilli: Frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada and Latin America for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:595-607.
  149. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Houston A, Hollis RJ, Doern GV, Jones RN and the SENTRY participants group. In vitro activity of BMS-207147 tested against over 600 contemporary clinical bloodstream isolates of Candida species from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program in North America and Latin America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:2236-2239.
  150. Diekema DJ, Jones RN, and Rolston KVI. Antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin compared to seven other compounds tested against gram-positive organisms isolated at 10 cancer-treatment centers. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;34:37-43.
  151. Diekema DJ, Coffman SL, Marshall SA, Beach ML, Rolston KVI, Jones RN. Comparison of activities of broad spectrum beta-lactam compounds against 1128 gram-positive cocci recently isolated in cancer-treatment centers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:940-943.
  152. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA, Wenzel RP. An outbreak of Candida parapsilosis prosthetic valve endocarditis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;29:147-153.
  153. Diekema DJ, Barr J, Boykin L, Buschelman BJ, Jones RN, Pfaller MA, Herwaldt LA. A cluster of serious Escherichia coliinfections in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:774-776.
  154. Diekema DJ, Albanese MA, Densen P, Doebbeling BN. Student health policies of United States medical schools. Academic Medicine 1996;71:1090-1092.
  155. Diekema DJ, Albanese MA, Schuldt SS, Doebbeling BN. Blood and body fluid exposures during clinical training: relationship to universal precautions knowledge. J Gen Int Med 1996;11:109-111.
  156. Diekema DJ, Schuldt SS, Albanese MA, Doebbeling BN. Universal precautions training of preclinical students: impact on knowledge, attitudes and compliance. Preventive Medicine 1995;24:580-585.
  157. Diekema DJ, Doebbeling BN. Employee health and infection control. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 1995;16:292-301.
  158. Diekema DJ, Ferguson KJ, Doebbeling BN. Motivation for hepatitis B vaccine acceptance among medical and physician assistant students. J Gen Int Med 1995;10:1-6.

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